President Bill Clinton and The Lewinsky Scandal Essay -- William Jeffe

Clinton and The Lewinsky ScandalOn January 17th, 1998, President Clinton videotaped a deposition for the Paula Jones lawsuit against him. December 19th, el hitherto months later, Bill Clinton became still the second president in our nations history to face impeachment from congress. The 1998-1999 was a tumultuous year for the President, the media, and the American people as a whole. Yet, the virtually intriguing and surprising aspect of the scandal was not that Bill Clinton would ever cheat on his wife or that his administration would survive such a terrible scandal. Nor was it a revelation that the media would be zealously intrigued by a sex scandal involving the President. The one aspect of the Lewinksy Scandal that was truly interesting was the reception of the public. Despite the knowledge that Clinton had an affair with an intern and probably lied about it, Clintons job approval rating did not decrease or even stay the same his ratings rose to levels approaching 70% Ev ery time a new damning piece of evidence came to light, media pundits everywhere believed that Clintons ratings would fall. Yet, they were wrong. The republican Party believed that the scandal would finally bring down Clinton and his popular support. They also were wrong and paid a considerable political price. How did this happen? To help agnize and explain this phenomenon, I will examine three political actors -- the President, the media, and the public and their relationship with each other. I will discuss President Clintons last(prenominal) and his history of scandals. The way that each actor has dealt with Clintons scandal-ridden past has had an important effect on how each responded to and was affected by the Lewinsky Scandal. Each actors res... ...Wilcox, Public Opinion The Paradoxes of Clintons Popularity, ed. make J. Rozell and Clyde Wilcox, The Clinton Scandal and the Future of American Government (Washington, D.C. Georgetown University Press, 2000)p. 117. ib. Ibid. Molly W. Andolina and Clyde Wilcox, Public Opinion The Paradoxes of Clintons Popularity, ed. Mark J. Rozell and Clyde Wilcox, The Clinton Scandal and the Future of American Government (Washington, D.C. Georgetown University Press, 2000) p.117. Michael J. Gerhardt, The Impeachment and Acquittal of William Jefferson Clinton, ed. Mark J. Rozell and Clyde Wilcox, The Clinton Scandal and the Future of American Government (Washington, D.C. Georgetown University Press, 2000). Robert Busby, Defending the American President Clinton and Lewinsky Scandal (New York Palgrave, 2001) p.47. Ibid. p.213. Ibid.

Where Will They Burry Your Heart :: essays research papers

Where Will They Bury Your Heart?I have forever found profound inspiration in the stories of men and women who lived and died for Christ. In fact, their incredible level of commitment is a measuring stick for my life their undying courageousness is a source of my encouragement and their burning passion is the light to my personal mission.Where would I be without the stories of these seemingly ordinary people who behaved extraordinarily against impossible betting odds? My faith is lifted each time I recall these true heroes.For me, one of the most moving is the powerful story of David Livingstone and the sacrifices he made to on the loose(p) the great continent of Africa to Christianity. When I first heard this story, I was already very familiar with the hardships that missionaries regularly endure. But the day I heard Livingstones story, I was finally able to embrace the extreme price one man paid.Travel with me to the year 1857. David Livingstone had already lived in the land of, the thousand villages where no missionary has ever been for sixteen years. He is now back in England, ready to address Cambridge university students. The custom of the time is for the students to heckle the speakerall in fun. This day is no exception. The students have peashooters and noisemakers of every description. Theyre ready for whoever this man might be.Then David Livingstone slowly walks to the podium with the step of a man who has walked 11,000 miles. His left hand arm hangs dead at his side, having been nearly ripped from his body by a lion, his shoulder crushed into splinters. His skin is a dark, leathery brown from sixteen years in the African sun. His face is furrowed with innumerable lines from bouts with African fever, which have also racked and emaciated his body. His physical being is wasted. He is half deaf from derelict fever and half blind from a tree branch that whipped him in the eyes while traveling through the jungle.The students are staring.They know thi s is not comely another guest speaker. Before them is a man to be taken seriously. This is a life that was literally being burned out for God.As he begins to speak they learn that Livingstones journey began as a young man in Scotland. It was there that he prayed, Lord, send me anywhere, only go with me. lay out any burden on me, only sustain me.

Diabetes Mellitus Essay -- Health, Diseases

Diabetes refers to a set of several different diseases. It is a effective health problem throughout the world and fourth leading cause of death by disease in the country. All types of diabetes result in too much sugar, or glucos in the blood. To understand why this happens it would helpful if we understand how the body usually works. When we eat, our body breaks down the food into simpler forms such as glucose. The glucose goes into the bloodstream, where it consequently travels to all the cells in your body. The cells use the glucose for energy. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps move the glucose from bloodstream to the cells. The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus further explains the concept on how this disease works. Pancreas plays an important procedure of the metabolism of glucose by means of secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon. These hormones where then secreted by Islets of Langerhans directly to the blood. Inadequate secretion of insulin results on impaired metabolism of glucose, carbohydrates, proteins and fats which then result to hyperglycemia and glycosuria. hyperglycemia is the most frequently observed sign of diabetes and is considered the etiologic source of diabetic complications both in the body and in the eye. On the other hand, glucagon is the hormone that opposes the playact of insulin. It is secreted when blood glucose levels fall. There are two types of diabetes. The type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is referred to as dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), or juvenile flack diabetes mellitus. The pancreas undergo an autoimmune attack by the body itself, and is rendered incapable of making insulin. It is in type 1 diabetes where abnormal antibodies are normally found. Antibodies are proteins in... ...e immenseness of taking nutritious foods and multivitamins, try to stop drinking coffee for two or three days. Eating regular well balanced meals. Avoid fast-food modus vivendi that can cause great fluc tuation in blood sugar. Lastly, the patient will be able to describe the benefits of regular turn and how regular exercise can improve blood glucose control. They should know the importance of relaxation and exercises, deep breathing which are popular ways to relieve stress and to avoid arduous physical activity. Meditations, yoga are good ways of relieving stress.Therefore, learning about the concept of diabetes in general is very important to prevent further complications of other overcritical diseases. It is best to understand and to stress out the importance of good nutrition, exercise, diet, healthy active lifestyle to the improvement for someones well being.

Reflection on Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay -- Jane Eyre Essays

Reflection on Jane Eyre "That strange little figure in that respect gazing at me, with a white face and arms specking the gloom, and glittering eyes of fear moving where all else was still, had the effect of a real spirit." This was the painful answer of young Jane Eyre to her own horrifying ten-year-old reflection in the mirror . This reflection illustrates the harsh and fearful childhood of a strong-willed girl in the spring of Jane Eyre, written by Charlotte Bronte. Set in the mid-nineteenth century on the English countryside Jane Eyre tells the story of one orphans troubled childhood and her yearning to belong to someone somewhere as she matures into an adult. Jane Eyre is a story replete with romance, morality, mystery, and coincidence. After the death of her parents, Jane lives in the house of her aunt, Sarah Reed. Sarah only allows Jane to stay in her house because of a promise Sarah make to her brother who was on his death bed. However, Sarah regrets her pro mise, despises Jane from the beginning, and blames her for every disturbance between her own children...

Lobby Groups Essay -- Government Politics Political Lobbying Essays

Lobby Groups In this comparison between David B. Truman and V.O. Key, Jr.s views on hallway groups they have different interpretations on role and interaction of these groups in brass. In a democratic system there is bound to be irritation and desire for change because it is impossible to run into everybody. Truman and Key describe how those individuals try to be recognized while forming groups for strength in numbers. In the comparison of interest and pressure groups it is apparent that although they created resentment in the inner layers of government, they were necessary to the development and progress of the semipolitical system.According to David B. Truman in the excerpt from The Governmental Process he edges the need, order and the importance of containment of lobby groups. Although lobby groups are separated into organized groups and unofficial groups, he considers them both equally important and dangerous interest groups. Through his writings he in like manner demonst rates his opinion that political parties are only a large form of an interest group. Political parties dont have as many an(prenominal) co-occurrent attitudes because of its influence on impressionable people and its size, but nevertheless it is an interest group. The grim, either unofficial or official interest groups commonly have influence upon various members of the political parties and use their influence to infiltrate their attitudes to the National Government. Both interest groups and political parties have played a large impact on the development of the governmental system and it is noticeable because although they are not the group that obtained the control and power of the operation, many of their proposals have been put into existence. They were not incorporated into the government because of the peoples constant fear or losing the ideal of democracy and the threat of becoming too socialistic. Therefore it was important to have individuals representing their groups ( states) in the government. The makeup of interest groups was necessary because We do not, in fact, find individuals otherwise than in groups. Interest groups were only a means for influential powerful people to be able to gain recognition from the government by obtaining a following. It is essential in the democratic process to have the individuals interaction and as a result of having a large complex ... .... Political parties are an example of interest groups because they have specific ideas which they reinforce. However, the diversity and size of the political parties usually makes the members not agreed upon many issues. Therefore the members sustain their interests until they gain power in the government where they are able to act upon their previous intentions. This has been the cause of many political figures actually supporting the other political party than the one they were selected from on many issues. All interest and pressure groups contain a small group of enthusiast leaders and a mass of either indifferent or inactive members. Therefore it is not an act of socialism or political takeover of the government because they are pushing for an issue with a small group.Lobby groups are essential in the functioning of the government as a whole. They could never replace government but through V.O.Key, Jr. and David B. Trumans analysis on the importance of lobby groups in government functions it shows that they are necessary. They demonstrate that lobby groups represent the people and are an establishment that helps facilitate individual interaction with the government.

Lobby Groups Essay -- Government Politics Political Lobbying Essays

Lobby Groups In this comparison between David B. Truman and V.O. Key, Jr.s views on student residence groups they have different interpretations on role and interaction of these groups in regimen. In a democratic system there is bound to be crust and desire for change because it is impossible to reward everybody. Truman and Key describe how those individuals try to be recognized while forming groups for strength in numbers. In the comparison of interest and pressure groups it is apparent that although they created resentment in the inner layers of government, they were necessary to the development and progress of the governmental system.According to David B. Truman in the excerpt from The Governmental Process he evinces the need, entrance and the importance of containment of lobby groups. Although lobby groups are separated into organized groups and unofficial groups, he considers them both equally important and dangerous interest groups. Through his writings he as well as de monstrates his opinion that political parties are only a large form of an interest group. Political parties dont have as many a(prenominal) coinciding attitudes because of its influence on impressionable people and its size, but nevertheless it is an interest group. The itsy-bitsy, either unofficial or official interest groups usually have influence upon various members of the political parties and use their influence to infiltrate their attitudes to the National Government. Both interest groups and political parties have played a large impact on the development of the governmental system and it is noticeable because although they are not the group that obtained the control and power of the operation, many of their proposals have been put into existence. They were not incorporated into the government because of the peoples constant fear or losing the ideal of democracy and the threat of becoming too socialistic. Therefore it was important to have individuals representing their gr oups (states) in the government. The presidential term of interest groups was necessary because We do not, in fact, find individuals otherwise than in groups. Interest groups were only a means for influential powerful people to be able to gain recognition from the government by obtaining a following. It is essential in the democratic process to have the individuals interaction and as a result of having a large complex ... .... Political parties are an example of interest groups because they have specific ideas which they reinforce. However, the diversity and size of the political parties usually makes the members not agreed upon many issues. Therefore the members sustain their interests until they gain power in the government where they are able to act upon their previous intentions. This has been the cause of many political figures actually supporting the other political party than the one they were selected from on many issues. All interest and pressure groups contain a small gr oup of enthusiast leaders and a mass of either indifferent or inactive members. Therefore it is not an act of socialism or political takeover of the government because they are pushing for an issue with a small group.Lobby groups are essential in the functioning of the government as a whole. They could never replace government but through V.O.Key, Jr. and David B. Trumans analysis on the importance of lobby groups in government functions it shows that they are necessary. They demonstrate that lobby groups represent the people and are an establishment that helps facilitate individual interaction with the government.

Foundation’s Edge CHAPTER FIVE SPEAKER

SPEAKERTrantor For eight thousand years, it was the capital of a large and powery governmental entity that spanned an constantly-growing union of planetary systems. For xii thousand years after that, it was the capital of a political entity that spanned the entire wandflower. It was the center, the heart, the epitome of the astronomic pudding stone.It was im doable to cut backk of the conglomerate with kayoed thinking of Trantor.Trantor did non derive its physical peak until the Empire was far gone in decay. In fact, no one noniced that the Empire had lost its drive, its forward look, because Trantor gleamed in glimmer admixture.Its growth had peaked at the point where it was a planet-girdling city. Its population was stabilized (by law) at forty-five billion and the only surface greenery was at the purple castle and the astronomical Univer teasey/Library complex.Trantors land surface was metal-coated. Its deserts and its fertile areas were alike engulfed and made int o warrens of humanity, administrative jungles, computerized elaborations, spacious storehouses of food and re pointment split. its mountain ranges were crush protrude its chasms fil adjudge in. The citys endless corridors burrowed beneath the continental shelves and the oceans were turned into huge under(a)ground aquacultural cisterns the only (and insufficient native source of food and minerals.The connections with the outer(prenominal) Worlds, from which Trantor obtained the resources it required, depended upon its thousand spaceports, its ten thousand warships, its hundred thousand merchant ships, its million space freighters.No city so vast was ever recycled so tightly. No planet in the Galaxy had ever made so much use of solar power or went to such extremes to rid itself of waste heat. shine radiators stretched up into the thin upper atmosphere upon the nightside and were withdrawn into the metal city on the dayside. As the planet turned, the radiators rose as night p rogressively throw away around the ball and sank as day progressively broke. So Trantor invariably had an artificial asymme analyse that was almost its symbol.At this peak, Trantor ran the Empire?It ran it poorly, and nonhing could suck up run the Empire well. The Empire was too large to be run from a single world even under the most dynamic of Emperors. How could Trantor draw helped merely run it poorly when, in the ages of decay, the Imperial crown was traded back and frontward by sly politicians and foolish incompetents and the bureaucracy had become a subculture of corruptibles? unless even at its worst, there was most self-propelled worth to the machinery. The Galactic Empire could non swallow been run without Trantor.The Empire crumbled steadily, but as foresightful as Trantor remained Trantor, a core of the Empire remained and it retained an air of pride, of millennia, of tradition and power and exaltation.Only when the unthinkable happened when Trantor finall y fell and was sacked when its citizens were killed by the millions and left(a) to starve by the billions when its business leadery metal coating was scarred and punctured and fused by the attack of the barbarian fleet only then was the Empire considered to birth fallen. The surviving remnants on the once-great world undid further what had been left and, in a generation, Trantor was transformed from the greatest planet the human race had ever take caren to an unacceptable tangle of ruins.That had been nearly two and a half(a) centuries ago. In the rest of the Galaxy, Trantor-as-it-had-been still was non forgotten. It would live forever as the favored site of historic novels, the favored symbol and memory of the past, the favored word for sayings such as All starships land on Trantor, Like looking for a person in Trantor, and No much than alike than this and Trantor.In all the rest of the Galaxy But that was not true on Trantor itself here the old Trantor was forgotten. Th e surface metal seas gone, almost ein truthwhere. Trantor was now a sparsely settled world of self-sufficient farmers, a place where trading ships rarely came and were not particularly welcome when they did come. The in truth word Trantor, though still in official use, had dropped out of popular speech. By present-day Trantorians, it was called Hame, which in their dialect was what would be called Home in Galactic Standard.Quindor Shandess approximation of all this and much more as he sat quietly in a welcome state of half-drowse, in which he could quit his mind to run a coarse a self-propelled and unorganized stream of fantasy.He had been starting succession verbalizer of the Second buttocks for eighteen years, and he readiness well bold on for ten or dozen years more if his mind remained moderately vigorous and if he could continue to fight the political wars.He was the analog, the mirror image, of the mayor of Terminus, who ruled over the first off Foundation, but ho w different they were in every respect. The Mayor of Terminus was known to all the Galaxy and the First Foundation was hence simply the Foundation to all the worlds. The First loudspeaker of the Second Foundation was known only to his associates.And provided it was the Second Foundation, under himself and his predecessors, who held the real power. The First Foundation was supreme in the realm of physical power, of technology, of war weapons. The Second Foundation was supreme in the realm of mental power, of the mind, of the power to control. In any conflict between the two, what would it matter how many an early(a)(prenominal) ships and weapons the First Foundation disposed of, if the Second Foundation could control the minds of those who controlled the ships and weapons?But how long could he revel in this realization of secret power?He was the twenty-fifth First utterer and his incumbency was already a shade longer than average. Ought he, perhaps, not be too keen on holding on and befooling out the issueer aspirants? There was verbaliser Gendibal, the keenest and newest at the fudge. Tonight they would spend condemnation together and Shandess looked forward to it. Ought he look forward as well as to Gendibals possible accession some day?The answer to the question was that Shandess had no real thought of leaving his post. He enjoyed it too much.He sat there, in his old age, still perfectly capable of performing his duties. His hair was gray, but it had always been electric discharge in color and he wore it cut an inch long so that the color scarcely mattered. His philiaball were a faded blue and his clothing conformed to the good-for- null styling of the Trantorian farmers.The First Speaker could, if he wished, pass among the Hamish lot as one of them, but his hidden power nevertheless existed. He could choose to focus his eyes and mind at any time and they would then act according to his will and recall nothing about it afterward.It rarely ha ppened. Almost never. The comfortable form of the Second Foundation was, Do nothing unless you essential, and when you must act hesitate.The First Speaker sighed softly. Living in the old University, with the brooding grandeur of the ruins of the Imperial Palace not too far distant, made one wonder on occasion how Golden the Rule might be.In the days of the swell Sack, the Golden Rule had been strained to the breaking point. There was no way of saving Trantor without sacrificing the Seldon plan for establishing a Second Empire. It would have been humane to spare the forty-five billion, but they could not have been spared without retention of the core of the First Empire and that would have only delayed the reckoning. If would have led to a greater destruction some centuries later and perhaps no Second Empire everThe early First Speakers had worked over the urinately known Sack for decades but had plant no firmness of purpose no way of assuring both the salvation of Tranto r and the eventual institution of the Second Empire. The lesser evil had to be chosen and Trantor had diedThe Second Foundatianers of the time had contendd by the narrowest of margins to save the University/Library complex and there had been guilt forever after because of that, too. Though no one had ever demonstrated that saving the complex had led to the of the Mule, there was always the intuition that there was a connection.How nearly that had wrecked everythingYet attach toing the decades of the Sack acrd the Mule came the Golden Age of the Second Foundation. foregoing to that, for over two and a half centuries after Seldons death, the Second Foundation had burrowed like moles into the Library, intent only on staying out of the way of the Imperials. They served as librarians in a decaying partnership that cared less and less for the ever-more-misnamed Galactic Library, which fell into the desuetude that best(p) suited the purpose of the Second Foundationers.It was an igno ble life. They merely conserved the Plan, while out at the end of the Galaxy, the First Foundation fought for its life against always greater enemies with neither help from the Second Foundation nor any real knowledge of it.It was the Great Sack that liberated the Second Foundation another reason (young Gendibal who had courage had recently express that it was the chief reason) why the Sack was allowed to proceed.After the Great Sack, the Empire was gone and, in all the later times, the Trantorian survivors never trespassed on Second Foundation territory uninvited. The Second Foundationers saw to it that the University/Library complex which had survived the Sack also survived the Great Renewal. The ruins of the Palace were preserved, too. The metal was gone over almost all the rest of the world. The great and endless corridors were covered up, filled in, twisted, destroyed, ignored all under rock and soil all except here, where metal still surrounded the ancient open places.It might be viewed as a grand register of greatness, the sepulcher of Empire, but to the Trantorians the Hamish people these were haunted places, filled with ghosts, not to be stirred. Only the Second Foundationers ever set foot in the ancient corridors or touched the titanium gleam.And even so, all had nearly come to nothing because of the Mule.The Mule had actually been on Trantor. What if he had found out the nature of the world he had been standing on? His physical weapons were far greater than those at the disposal of the Second Foundation, his mental weapons almost as great. The Second Foundation would have been hampered always by the necessity of doing nothing but what they must, and by the knowledge that almost any hope of tinning the immediate fight might portend a greater eventual loss.Had it not been for Banta Darell and her swift moment of action. And that, too, had been without the help of the Second Foundation?And then the Golden age, when somehow the First Speakers of the time found ways of becoming active, stopping the Mule in his career of conquest, controlling his mind at last and then stopping the First Foundation itself when it grew wary and overcurious concerning the nature and identity of the Second Foundation. There was Preem Palver, nineteenth First Speaker and greatest of them all, who had managed to put an end to all danger not without alarming sacrifice and who had rescued the Seldon Plan.Now, for a hundred and twenty years, the Second Foundation was again as it once had been, hiding in a haunted fate of Trantor. They were hiding no longer from the Imperials, but from the First Foundation still a First Foundation almost as large as the Galactic Empire had been and even greater in technological expertise.The First Speakers eyes closed in the pleasant warmth and he passed into that never-never state of restful hallucinatory experiences that were not instead dreams and not sooner conscious thought.Enough of gloom. All would be well. Trantor was still capital of the Galaxy, for the Second Foundation was here and it was mightier and more in control than ever the Emperor had been.The First Foundation would be contained and guided and would move correctly. However formidable their ships and weapons, they could do nothing as long as key leaders could be, at need, mentally controlled.And the Second Empire would come, but it would not be like the first. It would be a Federated Empire, with its parts possessing considerable self-rule, so that there would be none of the apparent strength and actual weakness of a unitary, centralized government. The new Empire would be looser, more pliant, more flexible, more capable of withstanding strain, and it would be guided always always by the hidden men and women of the Second Foundation. Trantor would then be still the capital, more powerful with its forty thousand psychohistorians than ever it had been with its forty-five billion The First Speaker snapped awake. The sun was lower in the sky. Had he been mumbling? Had he express anything aloud?If the Second Foundation had to know much and say little, the ruling Speakers had to know mere and say less, and the First Speaker lead to know obliterate and say least.He smiled wryly. It was always so tempting to become a Trantorian patriot to see the whole purpose of the Second Empire as that of manner of speaking about Trantorian hegemony. Seldon had warned of it he had foreseen even that, five centuries in the first place it could come to pass.The First Speaker had not slept too long, however. It was not yet time for Gendibals audience.Shandess was looking forward to that private meeting. Gendibal was young enough to look at the Plan with new eyes, and keen enough to see what others might not. And it was not beyond possibility that Shandess would gather up from what the youngster had to say.No one would ever be certain how much Preem Palver the great Palver himself had profited from that day when the young Kol Benjoam, not yet thirty, came to talk to him about possible ways of handling the First Foundation. Benjoam, who was later recognized as the greatest theorist since Seldon, never spoke of that audience in later years, but eventually he became the twenty-first First Speaker. There were some who credited Benjoam, rather than Palver, for the great accomplishments of Palvers administration.Shandess amused himself with the thought of what Gendibal might say. It was traditional that keen youngsters, confronting the First Speaker alone for the first time, would place their entire thesis in the first sentence. And surely they would not ask for that precious first audience for something trivial something that might ruin their entire subsequent career by convincing the First Speaker they were lightweights.Four hours later, Gendibal faced him. The young man showed no sign of nervousness. He waited calmly for Shandess to speak first.Shandess said, You have asked for a private au dience, Speaker, on a matter of wideness. Could you please summarize the matter for me?And Gendibal, speaking quietly, almost as though he were describing what he had full eaten at dinner, said, First Speaker, the Seldon Plan is meaninglessStor Gendibal did not require the evidence of others to give him a sense of worth. He could not recall a time when he did not know himself to be unusual. He had been recruited for the Second Foundation when he was only a ten-year-old boy by an agent who had recognized the potentialities of his mind.He had then done remarkably well at his studies and had taken to psychohistory as a spaceship responds to a gravitational field. Psychohistory had pulled at him and he had curved toward it, reading Seldons text on the fundamentals when others his age were merely trying to handle differential equations.When he was fifteen, he entered Trantors Galactic University (as the University of Trantor had been officially renamed), after an interview during whic h, when asked what his ambitions were, he had answered firmly, To be First Speaker before I am forty.He had not bothered to aim for the First Speakers mince without qualification. To gain it, one way or another, seemed to him to be a certainty. It was to do it in youth that seemed to him to be the goal. Even Preem Palver bad been forty-two on his accession.The interviewers font had flickered when Gendibal had said that, but the young man already had the feel of psycholanguage and could interpret that flicker. He knew, as certainly as though the interviewer had announced it, that a crushed notation would go on his records to the effect that he would be difficult to handle.Well, of courseGendibal intended to be difficult to handle.He was thirty now. He would be thirty-one in a matter of two months and he was already a member of the Council of Speakers. He had nine years, at most, to become First Speaker and he knew he would make it. This audience with the present First Speaker was crucial to his plans and, laboring to present precisely the proper impression, he had. spared no thrust to polish his command of psycholanguage.When two Speakers of the Second Foundation communicate with each other, the language is like no other in the Galaxy. It is as much a language of fleeting gestures as of words, as much a matter of detected mental change patterns as anything else.An outsider would hear little or nothing, but in a short time, much in the way of thought would be exchanged and the communication would be unreportable in its literal form to anyone but still another Speaker.The language of Speakers had its advantage in speed and in infinite delicacy, but it had the disadvantage of making it almost unfeasible to mask true opinion.Gendibal knew his own opinion of the First Speaker. He felt the First Speaker to be a man past his mental prime. The First Speaker in Gendibals assessment expected no crisis, was not trained to meet one, and lacked the sharpness to dea l with one if it appeared. With all Shandesss goodwill and amiability, he was the stuff and nonsense of which disaster was made.All of this Gendibal had to hide not merely from words, gestures, and facial expressions, but even from his thoughts. He knew no way of doing so efficiently enough to keep the First Speaker from catching a whiff of it.Nor could Gendibal avoid knowing something of the First Speakers feeling toward him. Through bonhomie and goodwill quite apparent and reasonably sincere Gendibal could feel the distant edge of condescension and amusement, and tightened his own mental grip to avoid revealing any resentment in return or as little as possible.The First Speaker smiled and leaned back in his chair. He did not actually lift his feet to the desk top, but he got across just the right mixture of self-assured ease and informal friendship just enough of each to leave Gendibal uncertain as to the effect of his statement.Since Gendibal had not been invited to sit down , the actions and attitudes available to him that might be designed to minimize the uncertainty were limited. It was unsufferable that the First Speaker did not understand this.Shandess said, The Seldon Plan is meaningless? What a unusual statement Have you looked at the meridian Radiant lately, Speaker Gendibal?I study it frequently, First Speaker. It is my duty to do so and my pleasure as well.Do you, by any chance, study only those portions of it that fall under your purview, now and then? Do you observe it in microfashion an equation system here, an adjustment trial there? Highly important, of course, but I have always thought it an excellent occasional exercise to observe the whole course. fielding the Prime Radiant, acre by acre, has its uses but observing it as a continent is inspirational. To tell you the truth, Speaker, I have not done it for a long time myself. Would you join me?Gendibal dared not pause too long. It had to be done, and it must be done easily and ple asantly or it might as well not be done. It would be an honor and a pleasure, First Speaker.The First Speaker depressed a lever on the side of his desk. T here was one such in the office of every Speaker and the one in Gendibals office was in no way inferior to that of the First Speaker. The Second Foundation was an equalitarian society in all its surface manifestations the unimportant ones. In fact, the only official prerogative of the First Speaker was that which was explicit in his title he always spoke first.The room grew dark with the depression of the lever but, almost at once, the darkness lifted into a pearly dimness. Both long walls turned faintly creamy, then brighter and whiter, and finally there appeared neatly printed equations so lowly that they could not be easily read.If you have no objections, said the First Speaker, making it quite clear that there would be none allowed, we will reduce the magnification in order to see as much at one time as we can.The neat prin ting shrank down into fine hairlines, faint black meanderings over the pearly background.The First Speaker touched the keys of the small console construct into the arm of his chair. Well bring it back to the start to the lifetime of Hari Seldon and well adjust it to a small forward movement. Well shutter it so that we can only see a decade of development at a time. It gives one a wonderful feeling of the flow of history, with no distractions by the details. I wonder if you have ever done this.Never exactly this way, First Speaker.You should. Its a marvelous feeling. Observe the sparseness of the black tracery at the start. There was not much chance for alternatives in the first few decades. The branch points, however, increase exponentially with time. Were it not for the fact that, as soon as a particular branch is taken, there is an liquidation of a vast array of others in its future, all would soon become unmanageable. Of course, in dealing with the future, we must be careful what extinctions we rely upon.I know, First Speaker. There was a touch of dryness in Gendibals response that he could not quire remove.The First Speaker did not respond to it. Notice the winding lines of symbols in red. There is a pattern to them. To all appearances, they should exist randomly, as even Speaker earns his place by adding refinements to Seldons original Plan. It would seem there is no way, after all, of predicting where a refinement can be added easily or where a particular Speaker will find his interests or his ability tending, and yet I have long suspected that the admixture of Seldon Black and Speaker Red watchs a strict law that is strongly dependent on time and on very little else.Gendibal watched as the years passed and as the black and red hairlines made an almost hypnotic interlacing pattern. The pattern meant nothing in itself, of course. What counted were the symbols of which it was composed.Here and there a bright-blue rivulet made its appearance, bellying out branching, and becoming prominent, then falling in upon itself and fading into the black or red.The First Speaker said, Deviation Blue, and the feeling of distaste, originating in each, filled the space between them. We catch it over and over, and well be coming to the Century of Deviations eventually. They did. One could tell precisely when the burst phonemenon of the Mule momentarily filled the Galaxy, as the Prime Radiant suddenly grew thick with branching rivulets of blue more starting than could be closed down until the room itself seemed to turn blue as the lines thickened and marked the wall with brighter and brighter pollution. (It was the only word.)It reached its peak and then faded, thinned, and came together for a long century before it trickled to its end at last. When it was gone, and when the Plan had returned to black and red, it was clear that Preem Palvers hand had been there.Onward, onwardThats the present, said the First Speaker comfortably.Onward, onwardT hen a narrowing into a veritable knot of close-knit black with little red in it.Thats the establishment of the Second Empire, said the First Speaker.He shut off the Prime Radiant and the room was bathed in ordinary light.Gendibal said, That was an emotional experience.Yes, smiled the First Speaker, and you are careful not to identify the emotion, as far as you can manage to fail to identify it. It doesnt matter. Let me make the points I wish to make.You will notice, first, the all-but-complete absence of Deviation Blue after the time of Preem Palver over the last twelve decades, in other words. You will notice that there are no reasonable probabilities of Deviations above the fifth-class over the next five centuries. You will notice, too, that we have begun extending the refinements of psychohistory beyond the establishment of the Second Empire. As you undoubtedly know, Hari Seldon although a transcendent genius is not, and could not, be all-knowing. We have improved on him. We k now more about psychohistory than he could possibly have known.Seldon ended his calculations with the Second Empire and we have continued beyond it. Indeed, if I may say so without offense, the new Hyper-Plan that goes past the establishment of the Second Empire is very largely my doing and has earned me my present post.I tell you all this so that you can spare me spare talk. With all this, how do you manage to conclude that the Seldon Plan is meaningless? It is without flaw. The mere fact that it survived the Century of Deviations with all due respect to Palvers genius is the best evidence we have that it is without flaw. Where is its weakness, young man, that you should brand the Plan as meaningless?Gendibal stood stiffly upright. You are right, First Speaker. The Seldon Plan has no flaw.You withdraw your remark, then?No, First Speaker. Its lack of flaw is its flaw. Its idol is fatalThe First Speaker regarded Gendibal with equanimity. He had learned to control his expressions and it amused him to watch Gendibals ineptness in this respect. At every exchange, the young man did his best to hide his feelings, but each time, he exposed them completely.Shandess studied him dispassionately. He was a thin young man, not much above the middle height, with thin lips and bony, restless hands. He had dark, humorless eyes that tended to smolder.He would be, the First Speaker knew, a austere person to talk out of his convictions.You speak in paradoxes, Speaker, he said.It sounds like a paradox, First Speaker, because there is so much about Seldons Plan that we take for granted and accept in so unquestioning a manner.And what is it you question, then?The Plans very basis. We all know that the Plan will not work if its nature or even its humanity is known to too many of those whose behavior it is designed to predict.I believe Hari Seldon understood that. I even believe he made it one of his two fundamental axioms of psychohistory.He did not anticipate the Mule, Firs t Speaker, and therefore he could not anticipate the extent to which the Second Foundation would become an obsession with the people of the First Foundation, once they had been shown its importance by the Mule.Hari Seldon and for one moment, the First Speaker shuddered and fell silent.Hari Seldons physical appearance was known to all the members of the Second Foundation. Reproductions of him in two and in three dimensions, photographic and holographic, in bas-relief and in the round, sitting and standing, were ubiquitous. They all represented him in the last few years of his life. All were of an old and benign man, face wrinkled with the intuition of the aged, symbolizing the quintessence of well-ripened genius.But the First Speaker now recalled seeing a photograph reputed to be Seldon as a young man. The photograph was neglected, since the thought of a young Seldon was almost a contradiction in terms. Yet Shandess had seen it, and the thought had suddenly come to him that Stor Gen dibal looked remarkably like the young Seldon.Ridiculous? It was the mien of superstition that afflicted everyone, now and then, however rational they might be. He was deceived by a fugitive similarity. If he had the photograph before him, he would see at once that the similarity was an illusion. Yet why should that silly thought have occurred to him now?He recovered. It had been a momentary quaver a transeunt derailment of thought too brief to be noticed by anyone but a Speaker. Gendibal might interpret it as he pleased.Hari Seldon, he said very firmly the second time, knew well that there were an infinite number of possibilities he could not foresee, and it was for that reason that he set up the Second Foundation. We did not foresee the Mule either, but tie recognized him once he was upon us and we stopped him. We did not foresee the subsequent obsession of the First Foundation with ourselves, but we saw it when it came and we stopped it. What is it about this that you can pos sibly find fault with?For one thing, said Gendibal, the obsession of the First Foundation with us is not yet over.There was a distinct ebb in the deference with which Gendibal had been speaking. He had noted the quaver in the First Speakers voice (Shandess seed) and had interpreted it as uncertainty. That had to be countered.The First Speaker said briskly, Let me anticipate. There would be people on the First Foundation, who comparing the hectic difficulties of the first nearly four centuries of existence with the placidity of the last twelve decades will come to the conclusion that this cannot be unless the Second Foundation is taking good care of the Plan and, of course, they will be right in so concluding. They will decide that the Second Foundation may not have been destroyed after all and, of course, they will be right in so deciding. In fact, weve received reports that there is a young man on the First Foundations capital world of Terminus, an official of their government , who is quite convinced of all this. I forget his nameGolan Trevize, said Gendibal softly. It was I who first noted the matter in the reports, and it was I who directed the matter to your office.Oh? said the First Speaker with exaggerated politeness. And how did your attention come to be focused on him?One of our agents on Terminus sent in a muted report on the newly elected members of their Council a perfectly routine matter usually sent to and ignored by all Speakers. This one caught my eye because of the nature of the description of one new Councilman, Golan Trevize. From the description, he seemed unusually self-assured and combative.You recognized a kindred spirit, did you?Not at all, said Gendibal, stiffly. He seemed a reckless person who enjoyed doing ridiculous things, a description which does not apply to me. In any case, I directed an in-depth study. It did not take long for me to decide that he would have made good material for us if he had been recruited at an early age.Perhaps, said the First Speaker, but you know that we do not recruit on Terminus.I know that well. In any case, even without our training, he has an unusual intuition. It is, of course, thoroughly undisciplined. I was, therefore. Not particularly surprised that he ad grasped the fact that the Second Foundation still exists. I felt it important enough, however, to direct a memo on the matter to your office.And I take it from your manner that there is a new development?Having grasped the fact that we still exist, thanks to his highly developed intuitive abilities, he then used it in a characteristically undisciplined fashion and has, as a result, been exiled from Terminus.The First Speaker lifted his eyebrows. You stop suddenly. You want me to interpret the significance. Without using my computer, let me mentally apply a rough approximation of Seldons equations and guess that a shrewd Mayor, capable of suspecting that the Second Foundation exists, prefers not to have an undiscipli ned individual ridicule it to the Galaxy and thus alert said Second Foundation to the danger. I take it Branno the Bronze decided that Terminus is safer with Trevize off the planet.She might have lag Trevize or had him quietly assassinated.The equations are not reliable when applied to individuals, as you well know. They deal only with humanity in mass. Individual behavior is therefore unpredictable and it is possible to assume that the Mayor is a humane individual who feels imprisonment, let alone assassination, is unmerciful.Gendibal said nothing for a while. It was an eloquent nothing, and he hold it just long enough for the First Speaker to grow uncertain of himself but not so long as to induce a defensive anger.He timed it to the second and then he said, That is not my interpretation. I believe that Trevize, at this moment, represents the cutting edge of the greatest threat to the Second Foundation in its history a greater danger even than the MuleGendibal was satisfied. T he force of the statement had worked well. The First Speaker had not expected it and was caught off-balance. From this moment, the whip hard was Gendibals. If he had any doubt of that at all, it vanished with Shandesss next remark.Does this have anything to do with your contention that Seldons Plan is meaningless?Gendibal gambled on complete certainty, driving in with a didacticism that would not allow the First Speaker to recover. He said, First Speaker, it is an article of faith that it was Preem Palver who restored the Plan to its course after the wild aberrance of the Century of Deviations. Study the Prime Radiant and you will see that the Deviations did not disappear till two decades after Palvers death and that not one Deviation has appeared since. The credit might rest with the First Speakers since Palver, but that is improb Improbable? Granted none of us have been Palvers, but whyWill you allow me to demonstrate, First Speaker? use the mathematics of psychohistory, I can c learly show that the chances of total disappearance of Deviation are too microscopically small to have taken place through anything the Second Foundation can do. You need not allow me if you lack the time or the desire for the demonstration, which will take half an hour of close attention. I can, as an alternative, call for a full meeting of the Speakers Table and demonstrate it there. But that would mean a loss of time for me and unnecessary controversy.Yes, and a possible loss of face for me. Demonstrate the matter to me now. But a word of warning. The First Speaker was making a heroic labour to recover. If what you show me is worthless, I will not forget that.If it proves worthless, said Gendibal with an effortless pride that overrode the other, you will have my resignation on the spot.It took, actually, considerably more than half an hour, for the First Speaker questioned the mathematics with near-savage intensity.Gendibal made up some of the time by his smooth use of his Micr oRadiant. The device which could locate any portion of the vast Plan holographically and with required n either wall nor desk sized console had come into use only a decade ago and the First Speaker had never learned the knack of handling it. Gendibal was aware of that. The First Speaker knew that he was.Gendibal hooked it over his rigth thumb and manipulated it with his four fingers, using his hand measuredly as though it were a musical instrument. (Indeed, he had written a small paper on the analogies.)The equations Gendibal produced (and found with sure ease) moved back and forth snakily to accompany his commentary. He could obtain definitions, if necessary set up axioms and produce graphics, both two-dimensional and three-dimensional (to say nothing of projections of multidimensional relationships).Gendibals commentary was clear and incisive and the First Speaker abandoned the game. He was won over and said, I do not recall having seen an analysis of this nature. Whose work is it?First Speaker, it is my own. I have published the basic mathematics involved.Very clever, Speaker Gendibal. Something like this will put you in line for the First Speakership, should I die or retire.I have given that matter no thought, First Speaker but since theres no chance of your believing that, I withdraw the comment. I have given it thought and I hope I will be First Speaker, since whoever succeeds to the post must follow a procedure that only I see clearly.Yes, said the First Speaker, inappropriate modesty can be very dangerous. What procedure? Perhaps the present First Speaker may follow it, too. If I am too old to have made the creative leap you have, I am not so old that I cannot follow your direction.It was a graceful surrender and Gendibals heart warned, rather unexpectedly, toward the older man, even as he realized that this was precisely the First Speakers intention.Thank you, First Speaker, for I will need your help badly. I cannot expect to sway the Table witho ut your enlightened leadership. (Grace for grace.) I assume, then, that you have already seen from what I have demonstrated that it is impossible for the Century of Deviations to have been corrected under our policies or for all Deviations to have ceased since then.This is clear to me, said the First Speaker. If your mathematics is correct, then in order for the Plan to have recovered as it did and to work as perfectly as it seems to be working, it would be necessary for us to be able to predict the reactions of small groups of people even of individuals with some degree of assurance.Quite so. Since the mathematics of psychohistory does not allow this, the Deviations should not have vanished and, even more so, should not have remained absent. You see, then, what I meant when I said earlier that the flaw in the Seldon Plan was its flawlessness.The First Speaker said, Either the Seldon Plan does possess Deviations, then, or there is something wrong in your mathematics. Since I must admit that the Seldon Plan has not shown Deviations in a century and more, it follows that there is something wrong with your mathematics except that I detected no fallacies or missteps.You do wrong, said Gendibal, to exclude a third alternative. It is quite possible for the Seldon Plan to possess no Deviations and yet for there to be nothing wrong in my mathematics when it predicts that to be impossible.I fail to see the third alternative.Suppose the Seldon Plan is being controlled by means of a psychohistorical method acting so advanced that the reactions of small groups of people even perhaps of individual persons can be predicted, a method that we of the Second Foundation do not possess. Then, and only then, my mathematics would predict that the Seldon Plan should indeed experience no Deviations?For a while (by Second Foundation standards) the First Speaker made no response. He said, There is no such advanced psychohistorical method that is known to me or, I am certain from y our manner, to you. If you and I know of none, the chance that any other Speaker, or any group of Speakers, has developed such a micropsychohistory if I may call it that and has kept it secret from the rest of the Table is infinitesimally small. Dont you agree?I agree.Then either your analysis is wrong or else micropsychohistory is in the hands of some group outside the Second Foundation.Exactly, First Speaker, the latter alternative must be correct.Can you demonstrate the truth of such a statement?I cannot, in any formal way but consider. Has there not already been a person who could affect the Seldon Plan by dealing with individual people?I presume you are referring to the Mule.Yes, certainly.The Mule could only disrupt. The hassle here is that the Seldon Plan is working too well, considerably closer to perfection than your mathematics would allow. You would need an Anti-Mule someone who is as capable of overriding the Plan as the Mule was, but who acts for the opposite motiv e overriding not to disrupt but to perfect.Exactly, First Speaker. I wish I had thought of that expression. What was the Mule? A mutant. But where did he come from? How did he come to be? no one really knows. Might there not be more? patently not. The one thing that is best known about the Mule is that he was sterile. Hence his name. Or do you think that is a myth?I am not referring to descendants of the Mule. Might it not be that the Mule was an aberrant member of what is or has now become a sizable group of people with Mulish powers who for some reason of their own are not disrupting the Seldon Plan but supporting(a) it?Why in the Galaxy should they support it?Why do we support it? We plan a Second Empire in which we or, rather, our intellectual descendants will be the decision makers. If, some other group is supporting the Plan even more efficiently than we are, they cannot be planning to leave the decision making to us. They will make the decisions but to what end? Oug ht we not try to find out what kind of a Second Empire they are sweeping us into?And how do you propose to find out?Well, why has the Mayor of Terminus exiled Golan Trevize? By doing so, she allows a possibly dangerous person to move freely about the Galaxy. That she does it out of motives of humanity, I cannot believe. Historically the rulers of the First Foundation have always acted realistically, which means, usually, without regard for morality. One of their heroes Salvor Hardin counseled against morality, in fact. No, I think the Mayor acted under compulsion from agents of the Anti-Mules, to use your phrase. I think Trevize has been recruited by them and I think he is the spearhead of danger to us. Deadly danger.And the First Speaker said, By Seldon, you may be right. But how will we ever convince the Table of this?First Speaker, you underestimate your eminence.

I was taught to see racism only in individual acts of meanness, not in invisible systems conferring dominance on my group Essay

Through work to bring materials from womens studies into the rest of the curriculum, I have often noticed mens unwillingness to assigning that they are overprivileged, even though they may grant that women are disadvantaged. They may say they will work to womens statues, in the society, the university, or the curriculum, but they grasst or wont support the idea of lessening mens. Denials that amount to taboos surround the subject of advantages that men gain from womens disadvantages. These denials cherish male privilege from being fully acknowledged, lessened, or rever chew the fatd.Thinking through unacknowledged male privilege as a phenomenon, I realized that, since hierarchies in our society are interlocking, there was most likely a phenomenon of while privilege that was similarly denied and protected. As a white person, I realized I had been taught about racism as something that puts others at a disadvantage, but had been taught not to operate one of its corollary aspects, wh ite privilege, which puts me at an advantage.I think whites are cautiously taught not to recognize white privilege, as males are taught not to recognize male privilege. So I have begun in an untutored way to select what it is like to have white privilege. I have come to see white privilege as an invisible package of unearned assets that I scum bag count on cashing in each day, but about which I was meant to remain oblivious. White privilege is like an invisible weightless knapsack of circumscribed provisions, maps, passports, codebooks, visas, clothes, tools , and blank checks.Describing white privilege makes one newly accountable. As we in womens studies work to reveal male privilege and ask men to break up some of their power, so one who writes about having white privilege must ask, having described it, what will I do to lessen or end it?After I realized the extent to which men work from a base of unacknowledged privilege, I understood that much of their oppressiveness was unc onscious. Then I remembered the frequent charges from women of color that white women whom they encounter are oppressive. I began to understand why we are just seen as oppressive, even when we dont see ourselves that way. I began to count the ways in which I enjoy unearned skin privilege and have been conditioned into oblivion about its existence.My schooling gave me no training in seeing myself as an oppressor, as an unfairly advantaged person, or as a participant in a damaged culture. I was taught to see myself as an individual whose moral state depended on her individual moral will. My schooling followed the pattern my colleague Elizabeth Minnich has pointed out whites are taught to think of their lives as virtuously neutral, normative, and average, and also ideal, so that when we work to benefit others, this is seen as work that will allow them to be more like us.

Why Does Mankind Seem so Incurably Religious

Mary Beth Lindsey September 9, 2011 Intro to Religion Wagner Why does mankind seem so religious? There is a lot of influential reasoning that can attribute to religion because some of it is man-made and the other is a divine revelation. I deem that no matter what, all humans yearn for a universal presence of some kind that is responsible for our existence. Religion is thought to fulfill obscure individual needs of humanity.Humans is incurably religious because of the passing of generational opinions and beliefs, such as from churches and other religious sources and organizations, and also what we learn in schools, variable from Greek mythology to evolution and more. The argument from universal belief insists that every human being has an innate k flatledge of God- a sense of the divine- that these clues or arguments simply actualize it. However, Roman 1 also insists that we have a tendency to suppress this, this innate knowledge of God, choosing instead to rebel against our Creat or (Romans 119-23).I jibe with this due to the actions of society. In addition, man has always sought to worship something or someone. In contrast, a nineteenth century socialist philosopher, Karl Marx, argued that religion emerged from economic frameworks a mean for oppressing people and maintaining an unjust economic system. In his view, religion is an opiate for the masses to keep them submissive and unquestions about their lot in life. I do non think that man would use the law for an economic system or some kind of punishment.We are taught in school about religion , now depending on the approach the teacher is trying to give off can influence the outcome or the intensity of students perception of religion , because teachers/professors teach our festering youth. Religion goes beyond facts in the form of faith which has a connection to the facts. All the while, we come up assumptions when we look at the facts to determine reasonable conclusions. race Cited Page 1. The New Engl ish Bible. London. Oxford UP and Cambridge UP. 1970. 2. atheism. about. com/od/philosophyofreligion/a/marx. htm

Lost at Sea Exercise

Lost at sea Exercise Leadership & Team Building Lost at Sea Scenario Your group has chartered a yacht. None of you have any sailing experience. You hired a skipper & two-person caboodle. As you sail through the Southern pacific oceanic, a fire breaks out & much of the yacht & its contents are destroyed. The yacht is sinking. Your location is unclear because navigational & radio equipment have been damaged. The skipper & crew have been lost to the fire. Your best guess is that you are approximately 1,000 km southwest of the nearest landfall.You and your friends have managed to save the following items ( A shaving reflect pic (A quantity of mosquito netting pic ( A 19 liter can of water supply pic (A case of army rations pic (Maps of the Pacific Ocean pic (A floating seat cushion pic (A 7. 5 liter can of oil / petroleum mixture pic (A small transistor radio pic (186 square decimeters of Opaque plastic sheetingpic (Shark sinful pic (1. 1 liters of 160 per penny proof rum pic (4 . 5 meters of nylon rope pic (2 boxes of chocolate bars pic (A fishing kit pic picAlso, you have salvaged a rubber life raft. In your teams pants pockets theres 1 package of cigarettes, 3 boxes of matches & 3 $20 bills. pic YOUR CHANCES OF SURVIVAL WILL DEPEND UPON YOUR ABILILTY TO RANK THE 14 ITEMS IN THEIR ball club OF IMPORTANCE. GOOD LUCK pic Lost at Sea Exercise Instructions Part 1 Participants should divide into teams of 5 and then be given 10 minutes to individually rank the 14 items. Part 2 Team members should then confer for an additional 10 minutes and decide on the teams priority ranking of the 14 items.Part 3 Team members should then compare their individual rankings with those determined by the group as a whole, and prove why the scores differ, if applicable. Or, if individuals would re-rank items based on the group discussion, what changed their minds? How where they influenced by the group? Lost at Sea Suggested Answers / Rationale According to the experts (United S tates Coastguard), the basic supplies needed when a person is stranded mid-ocean are articles to attract attention and articles to aid survival until rescue arrives.Without signaling devices, there is almost no chance of being scratchy and ultimately rescued. Further more than, most rescues occur within the first 36 hours and a person can survive with only a minimum of food and water during that period. So, the following is the order of ranking the items in their importance to your survival 1. The shaving mirror would be critical for signaling. 2. The oil / petroleum mixture would also be critical for signaling. The mixture will float on water & could be ignited with the paper currency & a match. 3. The water would be necessary to fill again fluids lost through perspiration. . One case of army rations would provide basic food intake. 5. The opaque plastic sheet could be employ to collect fall water and provide shelter from the elements. 6. The chocolate bars could provide reserv e food supply. 7. The fishing kit is ranked lower than the chocolate since a birdie in the hand is worth two in the bush, and there is no guarantee that you will catch any fish. 8. The nylon rope could be used to secure people or equipment to prevent them from being washed overboard. 9. The floating seat cushion is a life preserver if someone fell overboard. 10.Shark repellent 11. The 160 per cent proof rum contains 80% alcohol, which is enough to be used as an antiseptic for any injuries otherwise, it is of little value. It will cause vaporization if ingested. 12. The small transistor radio would be of no use without a transmitter. You would also be out of range of any radio station. 13. Maps of the Pacific Ocean would be worthless without navigation equipment. 14. The mosquito netting would not be necessary, as there are NO mosquitoes in the mid-Pacific Ocean, and the fishing kit would be more effective for catching fish.

Can Ethics be tought

The nonion that virtuousity is a process of communication that gives port to recent understandings and commitments to our social fife has been utilized herein to explore several questions. Should ethics t for each oneing be via standalone modules or embedded in ethics discussion within curricula? distinctly both have merit moreover we argue that authentic ethics discussions should pervade curriculum, be conceptualized and multi compositors caseted. This attention to implementation and the notion of a possible ethics framework to structure student experiences was explored.Key Words Ethics, Teaching, Curriculum, Instruction Introduction Ethics is often presented in classes by well meaning educators as a honourable philosophy hat infuses critic excepty assumed beliefs which argon used to search for a good human life. To nearly this is a classical understanding, however if we were to purpose ethics could be inherent in the duties humans owe to each other we would be touchi ng upon a modern understanding. Educators and students confronted with these understandings may frequently face a predicament.The educator may discover or currently lie with that they cannot teach ethics because of religious (spiritual) and cultural disagreements linked to what should be taught (curriculum). Many students function upon background pre-understandings and are perplexed when confronted with honorable understandings of both peers and professors (Emerson & Convoy, 2004). To claim to not discuss ethics may be a safer path yet escape sends messages that this topic is a private matter and not suitable for discussion.It is not a private matter yet avoiding discussion of ethics at all levels of education may only fuel mystification and/or ignorance. Discussing ethics should not be a private matter it should be within educational programs and rightly so, according to the many logical argument school deans who rank ethics among the top five learning goals for their programs (Martial & Cauldron, 2005). Herein, we could consider ethics as, the general field of cultivation of worthiness and the general study of right action which constitute the main phone line of ethics.Its principal substantive questions are what ends we ought, as full rational human beings, to choose and pursue and what moral principles should govern our choices and pursuits. (Audio, 1995, p. 3) This study of right action could be viewed as a strategy of rules or principles rooted in the legal system however ethics can also be understood as a set of skills (acts) yet this understanding has limitations. Ultimately, we can view ethics as a process of life. Our argument is that we should discuss ethics in educational programs order to develop our understandings and enrich our lives.Our present day society is reeling from estimable wrongful conduct (crime) and challenges (bad decisions) reported in the media yet these respectablely challenged people behind these scandals share a co mmon experience, school. O Centre for Promoting Ideas, USA www. Subsistent. Com Perhaps, each person tended to(p) school until the law no longer required them to attend or until the person attending deemed they were ready to leave school. Many complete only secondhand school and work their way into executive positions some go Arthur and deeper in post-secondary stepping directly into professional roles.The path we examine is of importance herein since the following course address and illuminate the teaching of ethics at the post-secondary level within the subject area of descent over the past thirty years and we gestate Can ethics be taught? Secondly, if it is to be taught, than how should it be taught? 1. 0 Curriculum Can ethics be taught? Current explore and the researchers behind this research were peeping to discover the root causes of well reported honest problems, predicaments and challenges in all areas of society (Frank, Bookie, & Garnished, 2010).The investigation of un respectable activity may lead back to a common experience point for the people within the scandal and that often is school. Herein we launch into a cursory inspection (due to page limitations) of the construction and deliverance of curricula within rail line at the post-secondary level over the past thirty years. We illuminate the issues and discover if there is or was a linkage between what is, or is not taught, and the causes of unethical behavior which has inspired many researchers to take an even closer look at how texts are written and how professors teach within stage telephone line courses.Stark (1993) indicated that the unethical behavior is not the result of an absence of business ethics curriculum since, over 500 business-ethics courses are currently taught on American campuses fully 90% of the nations business schools at once provide some kind of training in the area (p. 38). Perhaps the problem lies not in the sheer number of ethics courses offered, but possib ly the ethics courses are not being taken seriously (Emerson & Convoy, 2004 Stephens & Stephens, 2008).Alternatively, it could be that professors, who hold questionable ethical philosophies, inadvertently rejecting this onto their students or it could be a dearth of real life application in textbook case studies (Wittier, 2004). The reason for our current predicament is puzzling. in that location exists an argument as to whether or not ethics should be taught in a post-secondary environment (Ritter, 2006). Dodo (1997) explains that, The primary reason for discussing ethical issues in the business classroom is for the students to develop a process which considers the ethical implications of business decisions (p. 96). Weber (1990) reviewed four studies and found that three of the four indicated a costive shift in ethical reasoning as a result of ethics education. Boyd (1981) indicated an increase in moral reasoning and Stead & Miller (1988) saw an increase to students ken and sens itivity towards social issues following ethics coursework. Burton, Johnston and Wilson (1991) also showed an increase of ethical awareness when compared to a control group within their research.Even though published research has indicated that ethics education improves ethical attitude, there are others that have shown a negative relationship (Cohen & Bennie, 2006 Stephens & Stephens, 2008). Crag (1997) argued that ethics cannot be taught and a study conducted by Bishop (1992) get on supported this assertion. Bishop (1992) concluded, that another interesting criticism of ethics is that as long as we have laws that dictate what is permissible we do not need courses in ethics (p. 294). Pavement (1991) found that There are serious flaws in the very foundation of the business ethics course and ethical theory itself (p. 92) because most of what is provided in business ethics texts does not involve ethical dilemmas and many instructors place too much emphasis on ethical situations deal ing with indemnity Pavement, 1991). Crag (1997) and Ritter (2006) unidentified other groups, such as, the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (CABS international) who have questioned this dilemma. Ritter (2006) suggested, academics concerned some including ethical decommissioning strategies or other satisfy in their classroom are hard pressed to find simple answers in each the theoretical or empirical research (p. 153).Perhaps this situation arises due to the concomitant that within Goldbergs Theoretical Model on Moral Development, character development has already occurred by the time an individual reaches college age (Ritter, 2006, p. 154). McCabe et al. (1994) supported this berth while researching MBA students utilizing the Research Terminal Values Scale as a means to gauge the ethical predisposition of respondents similar to what was done in the 1994 study conducted by Skull and Costa. This longitudinal study used the same sample of respondents over a tw o year period, yielding no significant changes in their ethical attitude.Areola and Lurch (1983) also conducted a similar study where respondents were contacted years after administration of the original study, indicating a deterioration of ethical attitude. 45 1. 1 morality and Ethics. Churchill (1992) believed that there was a misconception behind whether or not ethics can be trained because many who attempted to answer this question often unordered the considerations ethics and morals suggesting they shared a similar meaning. He defined morals as the behaviors of a human and ethics as a Systematic rational reflection upon that behavior (p. 297).Crag (1997) noted a similar distinction between moral standards and ethics when he stated I do not want to teach moral standards I want to teach a method of moral reasoning wrought complex ethical issues so that the students can apply the moral standards they have in his view, the primary function is to teach ethical systems of analysi s, not moral standards of behavior. (p. 19) Being able to teach ethics within a program requires instructors to be able to grasp the process of moral reasoning to a point where this can be taught as a necessary r play along forthe to arrive at ethically sound outcomes.Instructors therefore need to have an understanding of the moral relationship with ethics, something that may take a great deal of experience with the unique curricula o fully grasp. Gunderson, Capitol and Raja (2008) supported the development and implementation of ethics curriculum suggesting individuals should become more ethical as they increase their educational accomplishments because of increasing exposure in both receiving and administering ethics curricula (p. 315). Hence, the ethics course advances along with the instructors understanding of the ethics curricula and related instructional theory. . 2 Teaching ethics Goal establishment. Regardless of the method of instruction utilized to deliver business ethics strategic Laos and objectives essential be first identified within the curricula. Weber (1990) believed that ethics instruction mustiness achieve some goal or set of goals before integrating it into the curricula. For instance, Belton and Sims (2005) highlighted several goals when teaching business ethics at the undergraduate level, stating, 1 . Assist student in the formation of their personal mensurates and moral ideas, 2. reveal them to the broad range of moral problems facing their society and world, 3.Provide them contact with important ethical theories and moral traditions and 4. Give them he opportunity to wrestle with problems of applied business ethics, whether personal or professional. (p. 388) Bishop (1992) also reported a set of ethical curriculum objectives created by The College of Business. Similar to the objectives outlined by the Belton and Sims (2005) study, The College of Business wanted to friend guide and plan the implementation of ethics curriculum. Belt on and Sims (2005) suggested that it is also vitally important to know the backgrounds of each of the students.Some cohorts of students might have a mixture of backgrounds, while in another cohort students might be composed of tauter students coming directly from industry for retraining. In order to achieve goals or objectives, courtes to curriculum might be ground on the backgrounds of the students in the classroom. Belton and Sims (2005) explain Students, especially those with little exposure to the larger world, often bring to the classroom values that they have adopted from their parents, church affiliations, peer groups, or similar persons or forces of influence.The students in their thinking and actions simply reflect the values of their reference groups without having examined or evaluated them. P. 389) Business ethics education is some helping the student bring to consciousness their own set of values, but also, recognize how their values may conflict with the values of the business world (Belton and Sims, 2005). Ritter (2006) concord and concluded that ethics education must be relevant to the student in order for it to transfer once they have graduated and are out working. 1. Coursework The stand-alone ethics course. Offering business ethics as a stand-alone course or integrating it across the curriculum has sparked much debate. Henderson (1988) believed that by offering rouses solely devoted to business ethics .. Sends a powerful message A top priority at this school is for all students to know and follow the generally accepted rules of business (p. 53). Weber (1990) identified, in a national survey of graduate and undergraduate students, that fifty three percent of students prefer to have a separate course in ethics. more recently, the CABSs Ethics Education Task Force (2004) put forward this position Business schools must encourage students to develop a deep understanding of the myriad challenges surrounding corporate responsibility and corp orate governance revive them with tools for recognizing and responding to ethical issues, both in person and organizationally and engage them at an individual level through analyses of both positive and negative examples of everyday conduct in business (p. 9).What is certain is that ethical dilemmas occur, and within a context that is not always reproducible in coursework. Understanding and applying rules is but one half of the equation within an ethical dilemma because the typical come to ethical dilemmas is a two-step process we locate a rule, and then we assume or guess that it applies to our situation (Labeled, 1985, p. 5). It is the ability to Judge or evaluate, which is a higher order thinking skill, which challenges us to do the right thing within a situation. 1. 4 Embedding ethics curriculum.Researchers such as Ritter (2006) Ukuleles (1988) and Dodo (1997) argue that stand- alone courses are disconnected from real-world application and that ethics must be integrated throug hout the curriculum. Wynn and Meager (1989) conducted a study only to discover no significant changes in ethical decision making took place as a result of taking a course in ethics. Saul (1981) suggested that in order for business ethics to succeed, ethical considerations must be woven into every aspect of the decision making repertoire as economic ones (p. 273).Belton and Sims (2005) further supports this by stating ethics is embedded in all business decision-making. A given decision may be described as marketing, production, or financial decision, but ethical dimensions are intertwined in the decision (p. 381). Even if ethical decision making is integrated into business curriculum, Sims (2002) argued that the success of this approach would materialize only if the entire faculty and administration were in agreement. Alternatively, Stephens and Stephens, (2008) concluded Ethics courses may be resulting in better ethical decision making.Perhaps wakefulness students to ethical violat ions is making them more aware of their decisions in the workplace. The results indicate that requiring an ethics course does make an immediate (albeit perhaps short term) difference in ethical decision making or in assessing potential ethical/unethical behavior. (p. 54) The variety of opinion is easy to find within the last few years hence the problematic nature of our question Should we (can we) teach ethics in classes?If yes, then how must it be done to achieve desired outcomes? 1. 5 efficient implementation. Ritter makes mention in her 2006 study that most theorists suggest that given the proper implementation, an ethics curriculum can be designed for effective learning (p. 154). A study conducted by David, Anderson and Lawrence (1990) reported that only 24% of the respondents indicated that ethical issues were emphasized throughout their program.Surprisingly this study concluded, Fully 92% of respondents indicated they never attended a business ethics seminar in college 80% n ever had a course in business ethics 92% never wrote a business ethics term paper 75% never heard a faculty lecture on ethics and 56% never participated in a case study with ethics issues. (p. 29) The results of this study can be linked to a current study that concluded professors are ill prepared or uncertain about how best to teach accounting ethics (Frank, Bookie & Garnished, 2010).Alternatively, perhaps, it is not that ethics cannot be taught, but rather, how ethics education is delivered which might be the reason for suffering ethical attitude amongst students and recent graduates. Ritter (2006) identified a multitude of perspectives throughout the iterate, and determined three common questions surfaced frequently which asked how should we teach ethics in business school, what to teach, and even if we should teach it at all (p. 153). Burton et al. (1991) indicated that students preferred discussing ethical business scenarios instead of a lecture that is philosophical in nature .Researchers Pizzicato and Evil (1996) sight that only 10% of the students preferred lectures, and yet this approach had been used 68% of the time. Students did, however, express their preference for class discussions when learning about business ethics (Pizzicato & Evil, 1996). More recently, Pettifog, Stay and Opaque (2000) conducted two-day workshops on ethics in psychology and after the workshop, the different teaching approaches used throughout (lectures, questions and answers, group discussions, television settapes, recommended readings, problem-solving, essays and exams) were rated by the participants.Ethical discussions for the workshop were divide into several categories philosophy and theories of ethics, codes of ethics and guidelines, ethical decision-making, ethical sensitivity, legal issues, disciplinary issues and selfsameness. Preferred teaching approaches varied depending on the topic. 7 For example, when discussing philosophy and theories of ethics, respondents p referred instruct and answering questions, whereas, students preferred discussing vignettes when reviewing codes of ethics, ethical dilemma decision making and sensitivity to ethical issues.When learning about legal aspects of ethics and disciplinary matters, respondents preferred video (visual). Pettifog et al. (2000) identified a unanimous rejection of the traditional approaches to learning writing essays and studying for exams, but it was noted that essays or exams were not used throughout the workshops. Most intriguing, Pettifog et al. 2000) explained that the most effective teaching approach, not only depends on the students learning styles, but also depends on what is being taught (content). predate this research, Burton et al. 1991) also supported these findings, indicating a strong preference for in-class discussions of hypothetical scenarios versus philosophical lectures on ethics. This 1991 study also indicated that gender and teaching method did not conjure any results of significance (Burton et al. ). Earlier research conducted by Webber (1990) indicated that 50% percent of participant students felt as though ethics was not tresses enough and 53% felt as though a separate ethics course should be offered. 1. 6 prescriptive theory A framework. Bishop (1992) defined a philosophically-oriented approach to ethics as . Rigorous in terms of theory, logical foundations, and abstract conceptualizations of business ethics problems (p. 293). Later in the decade Dodo (1997) investigated students at a particular school who were required to complete an undergraduate degree with courses in philosophy and religion. It was these philosophy courses where utilitarian theories, deontological theories, theories of Justice and theories of rights were explored. The ethics content was infused in the curricula and yet the courses lacked practical application depending predominately on theory.This imperfection within curriculum is commonplace and can be traced back to ac ademic valuing of theory within course content over authentic societal issues, problems and dilemmas. Bringing the daily news and event s into the classroom is a start but threading this authentic content into curricula is a goal however is this proper way to teach ethics? It may be a popular more with students but professors may not value this approach. Doing what is right and acting within a context calls upon each persons understanding and perception, it is not simply a matter of following rules or calculating consequences.It is a matter of discerning which rule are called into play in a situation (Labeled, 1985, p. 29). Your values, morals and philosophical orientation among other variables come into play as your very perception filters the events. This fact can change the manner in which we teach a course in ethics as we need to discuss how one can make a distinction from what is important to that which is less so. 1. Issues Students and Curricula Pavement (1991) contended, wh at may be clear to the trained philosopher is not at all clear to the student.Philosophers have had extensive training in logical analysis and argumentation (Pavement, 1991, p. 387). In many instances, students who register for an ethics class, are usually at the very introductory stages of learning philosophy and are not able to apply these abstract and sometimes contradicting philosophies to business scenarios (Pavement, 1991 Tuneless,2008). Pavement (1991) goes on to say The texts lack of specificity of method for applying theory, ND the lack of resolution in dealing with competing theories, is compounded by the professor teaching the course (p. 387).For instance, even the Normative values framework is quite expansive and based upon several theoretical frameworks, for example Egoism (hedonistic or otherwise), consequentialness utilitarian and non-, act or rule utilitarianism, moral sense theories, a veritable menagerie of deontological theories of varying stringiness, constitut ionalism, natural law theories, etc. , are all in hot contention for the exclusive prerogative on the Good and the Right. (Miller, 1991, p. 397) To expect a student entering an ethics course to have a grasp of these theoretical frameworks seems somewhat unfair to the student.It now becomes a challenge to identify a starting point in any ethics course. We need to know from the onset of the course, the level of preparedness of each student. Failing this, the course could literally miss its mark as the content could be too advanced. Historically researchers such as Farman (1990) explained that using a principle- based approach to learning ethics, assumes students are functioning at Goldbergs autonomous stage, but it was through Farmans experience she concluded that most dents have difficulties fracture free from ethical relativism.Interestingly, Pavement (1991) analyzed two hundred syllabi and was able to identify an examination question that created confusion and influenced students to think in a relativistic or subjective way. 48 Pavement (1991) stated, this typical question asks the student to analyze and discuss a particular business situation using either utilitarian or deontological theory The professor thinks that the use of either one is K (p. 388).Farman (1990) added that poor ethical attitude cannot be remedied in the course of a ten-week ethics lass a reflection of my failure as a teacher or, more significantly, a measure of the impracticality of teaching ethics in this way? (p. 32). Dodo (1997) explained that philosophy courses are usually offered in a section separate from the business department. These courses offer very little practical application that usually results in a weak transfer of ethical reasoning in a business context (Dodo, 1997).Offering a course from within the business department provides students with an opportunity to consider ethical decision making as it relates to everyday business activities. Business ethics provides a li nk from what is learnt in a philosophy course to what students are faced with once they get out into the work world. Dodo (1997) explains that there must be cooperation between the philosophy department and the business department to ensure students receive a balance between theoretical reasoning and their application into todays world.Robertson (1993) defined normative research as .. The values, norms, or rules of conduct which govern ethical behavior and which are presented as an ideal and argued that much of the research in business ethics lacked validity because searchers did not incorporate these theories into their studies (p. 586). Some studies in the area of business ethics are grounded in normative theory while others are not. For example, Warner (1988) conducted a study on the rights of individuals and responsibilities of shareholders during a merger and acquisition.

Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay

The famous Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde was compose by Robert Louis Stevenson and has remained popular ever since its publication in 1886. Robert was born in 1850 and was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was brought up a calvalist, however followed the bohemian life style. He married Mrs. Fanny Osbourne in 1880 and support Priest Dameor who ca florid for the lepers.Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a rich tale of the duality of mankind and how we atomic number 18 in essence creatures produced for good, however in all of us on that point is the seed to do bad. The example of the humbug is an old biblical matchless that many Christians recite daily in prayerLead us not into temptation, but deliver us from malevolent. This might be one of the reasons Stevenson wrote this defend Jekyll lives a double life of propriety and shame, imprisoned by the honor commensurate demands of Victorian society, and so did Stevenson. He too was surrounded by upright, religious and rigid citizens. He was even pr essured into studying law at Edinburgh University.This book was written as a horror story. We know this because of the settings and plot. Stevenson wrote the book at the time of many murders in the east of London and the complete ignoring of social values and hardhearted deeds committed by Mr Hyde are totally in synch with Jack the Ripper and Sherlock Holmes. Mr Hyde represents the exact opposite of what Victorian gentlemen should act and the savageness of his actions is what made the book so scary back then.The story takes place in London during the nineteenth century. The central mood of the novel is one of mystery and terror. Stevenson creates dark settings to create a mood of anticipation and mystery. E.g. He was aware of an odd, light. Mr Hyde only(prenominal) comes out in the dark, stupefied night, which subsequently makes the subscriber suspect mainly bootleg intentions and automatically informs the realiseer that in that location is an expectation of trouble and som ething threatening, as the dark brings ominous feelings and terror to the reader.Stevenson changes the weather from regular night to more dark and foggy so that it is almost impossible to see clearly, therefore emphasising the particular through the fog, there is something concealed and surreptitious lurking about which makes the reader feel anxious. in like manner, he makes the fictional purpose more evil looking in the dark e.g. In the darkness of the night he gave an impression deformity without any namable malformation. This makes the reader scenery a horrific creature that makes them feel defenceless and exposed.Stevenson describes the fog being broken up as a haggard shaft. This gives the esthesis of destructiveness and violence. Also the plagiarize swirling wreaths gives the sense of death as wreaths is what is placed on-top of a coffin. Finally Stevenson describes the gloomy avenues as mournful re- invasion of darkness which gives the sense of decay and obscurity. an y these quotes also make the reader feel uneasy and apprehensive.The quotes It seems she was romantically given and London from all around very silent gives an eerie effect and provides a somewhat peaceful response. These quotes are also examples of emotive language, because they give the reader an emotional response.A certain sinister block and tramps slouched are both examples of synecdochic language which gives the reader a precise picture of what is in the setting. The quote tramps slouched gives us an unpleasant image of what reality was really like for the poor, making the reader feel uncomfortable as well as sympathetic.As addition to Stevenson using figurative and emotive language, he also uses a wide reaching of verbs like ragged and dingy which helps the reader to get a detailed picture of the insecurity and filthiness in which they lived through, and adjectives like ragged children huddled, which illustrates the tutelage and torment which even children went through.The quotes low growl of London and city in a nightmare, all give off the impression that the streets of London at the time were grimy, dangerous, dingy and simply terrifying places to live. Also the word growl, an example of soulification, gives a sense that there is a savage, ruthless and a fiery monster prowling about London. Finally the metaphor, light of some gothic conflagration, gives a reference hell which makes the reader feel uncomfortable.Even though there are many quotes referring to the struggles of Victorian society, there are on the other hand several quotes which describe the other side of Victorian society which was simply different. For example, bachelor house, c misplace by the fire and gratefully to bed, all give off a cosy, warm, safe and welcoming impression. So merely again we have another contrast of the rich, warm, safe Victorian residence to the poor, insecure and generally tough Victorian slums. This collections that if you were rich you could use the po wer some(prenominal) way you like, however if you were poor, you were trapped in a world of poverty and in a sense of revulsion.There are three main characters in the novel, Dr Henry Jekyll, Edward Hyde and Mr Utterson.Dr. Henry Jekyll is a prominent middle- aged doctor and throughout the novel he is physically described as both tall and swelled. He is also extremely wealthy and by all who him, he is described as well respected and proper. For example, Stevenson describes Jekyll as a entertainer and a person known for charities which gives the impression that Jekyll is a warm, pleasant, middle class gentleman.In the book, his voice is only heard in the concluding chapter (Henry Jekylls full statement of the case), only after being described through the lens of Utterson, Lanyon, Poole and Enfield.The doctors belief that within each Human- being exists two countering forces, good and evil, flows to his experiments to try to smash the two. This however, was not done merely for scie ntific reasons, but also because he enjoyed escaping the confines of the respectable guise of Dr. Jekyll. The quote which illustrates this is The transformation was succeeded by a sense of joy. This also suggests that lot didnt know what was right and what was wrong and would do and ask questions later.Also in the book he is described as less distinguished for religion, which suggests he too questioned Christianity like many other people of his time. For example, Darwin challenged religion as he came up with the theory that we evolved from monkeys which would specify the world wasnt made is seven days. Edward Hyde is a small, deformed, disgusting young man (much younger than Dr Jekyll) that is devoid of an apparent profession. Also the quote deformed illustrates that some Victorians disliked and rejected disabled people. Stevenson describes Hyde as callous and violent and a murderous mixture of timidly and boldness, which gives the impression Hyde is a fierce, ruthless, brutal mon ster.Despite the many descriptions of the horror that Edward Hyde invokes (by Lanyon, Utterson and Enfield), we are never told in detail precisely why or what features are so disgusting to observers, which emphasises the fact the novel was made in the time where phrenology (judging someone by their appearance) was the key to knowing if someone was good or evil.Hyde is also often compared to animals e.g. snarled, implying that he is not a fully evolved Human- Being. Another factor which suggests he is compared to animals is the fact he only menaces society at night e.g. trampling a missy in the street and murdering Sir Danvers Carew, which relates him to rodents and other nocturnal animals. Finally the quote the man seems hardly human, illustrates the fact Hyde is not a whole and has something missing. Good.Mr Utterson is the narrator of the book and is described as tall and loveable. He is a middle- aged lawyer plus someone that all the characters confide in throughout the novel.A s an old friend of Jekyll, he recognises the changes and strange occurrences that centre around both Jekyll and Hyde. Stevenson describes Utterson as a reliable and Modest man which suggests he is mayhap the most circumspect and respected character in the book therefore, it is signifi cannistert that we view the crimes of Hyde through his observant frame. However, when Utterson dis make dos Hydes body in a red cabinet, instead of reporting it to the police he precedes in reading a letter addressed to him, which suggests he is more interested in his social perspective than solving the mystery.The quotes his friendship seemed to be founded in a similar catholicity of a good character and his friends were those of his own blood or those who he had seen the weeklong, illustrates the fact he is insular, biased and narrow-minded. Knowing this makes the reader question if the story is told accurately and truthfully.The thing I noticed about this novel is that all the women are either vic tims or maids. E.g. the girl who got trampled on, the maid who witnessed the murder of Sir Danvers Carew and the house maid. This suggests that the middle class Victorian society were very sexist. However, if a Victorian was to read a modern day horror story, they would probably come up with the comparable conclusion, as the majority of victims in todays horror stories are women.The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is typical of the horror music genre as it has many factors in which we would expect to see in a horror story today. For example, the story is mainly set at night, there are victims and most importantly the evil character is punished at the end of the novel.Mr Utterson is the narrator of the book and we are told the story through his eyes and told as though its true. This contributes to the element of suspense as we only know what Utterson knows. Suspense is also built up as Stevenson writes as if there is a closing explanation as to whom the mystery figure is but doesnt let on and instead lets the suspense build. He occasionally allows a small amount of information out just to whet the appetites and keep up an atmosphere of mystery and confusion. For example, at the end of chapter tailfin (Incident of the letter), Utterson says Henry Jekyll forge for a murderer. Not only does this make you wonder who the murderer is, but it also makes the reader want to read on. This atmosphere, one of controlled suspense, gradual building up of a sense of horror and destruction is achieved through a slow accumulation of unemotional detail, as this leaves the reader query what the characters are like and what they might do.I believe horror stories today do still follow a similar pattern, in the fact people who do bad deeds are usually punished, they are packed with suspense and often include someone trying to solve the mystery or catch the villain or monster, which in our case is Mr Utterson. However, the major difference in more recent examples of the gen re is the tendency to locate the monstrous foursquare within the normal, rather than presenting it as a threatening creature, such as Mr Hyde and Frankenstein, all made by individuals.Alfred Hitchcock had in fact changed this direction of the horror genre in 1960 with Psycho the movie not only presented its most frightening moment, the shower murder, it also suggested that horror resides in everyday life rather than in alternative worlds of the supernatural or the gothic. Finally, the recent so called slice and dice films, such as Halloween, and spirit dead movies such as the night of the living dead are demonstrations of how contemporary special effects technology can depict increasingly gruesome and imaginative dismemberment and mutilation usually at the write down of character, plot and theme. Even though these are all films, we can still see how there is a greater desire for horror stories which are relate to everyday occurrences or objects.In Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, Robert L ouis Stevenson illustrates the devastating effects of meddling with Gods creation and how our negative and evil desires and urges can overtake our original selves until we lose touch of who we once represented. Furthermore, Dr Jekylls desire and addiction to temporarily alter his existence results ultimately in his deadly demise.Jekyll and Hyde demonstrates how innocent curiosity about the darker sides of our nature can soon get out of hand and how evil is compulsive and how evil can so easily take control of the good. Stevenson has used Jekyll and Hyde to show that everyone has good and evil inside them. He portrays this very well by using the setting to portray good and evil e.g. dingy street and a grand residence. He also makes a very important point which is relevant today as it was in the nineteenth century. This is that bottled antisocialable behaviour can lead to sudden violent outpourings, such as seen in Hydes murder of Sir Danvers Carew.In Victorian society no one question ed God so the estimate of something happening which isnt controlled by God would be unusual. Also electricity had only just been invented so people were quite wary about the things science could do.I think the main theme in the book is duality and how London is split into good and evil, rich and poor, scientific fact and experimenting new ideas. The final point I wish to mention is how they kept secrets. On the outside people were warm and inviting, however inside, people kept intimate secrets, such as dealing with drugs, alcohol and prostitution. I believe this was probably due to the fact there wasnt much pleasure in this type of life.There are many morals included in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde however there are two main morals which stand out, one straight forward moral and a more complex moral. The straight forward moral is that if you do bad deeds you will be punished and also how addiction can lead to violence and how violence can lead to murder. The more complex moral, however is about the appeal of being Mr Hyde. Because Mr Hyde is described and talked about so much, he is probably the most interesting and exciting character in the book, which turns the straight forward moral on its head and makes Hyde the most appealing character in the novel.I believe the relevance of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde has changed considerably over the last hundred years. The main difference is that the Victorians saw this book religiously, however now when we read this book we think its about personal weakness and how addiction can lead to evil. A Victorian also wouldnt see the relevance of drugs and alcohol in this book, nor would they understand the relevance of addiction and what effect it has.Some may say that as humans, we wear masks. Not real masks, but masks that cover up our true personality showing our good side around our friends and our bad side around our family. These are great examples of mans scramble in duality our good side is always competing against our evil sid e, resulting in our duality, our fight over good verses evil. In this story, Doctor Jekyll is a regular scientist with the same feelings as every other human being Mr. Hyde is a manifestation of Doctor Jekylls evil side and as a result, he is able to commit murder without any guilt. In the end, the evil manifestation won, taking completely over the Doctors body. The fight between good and evil is overFinally, I believe the strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is about how Dr Jekyll struggles to decide either to do the right thing and be a good citizen, or to do the thing Dr Jekyll desires the most and to be Mr. Hyde which he knows is wrong.